[House Hearing, 119 Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] DEFENDING MAIN STREET: COMBATING CCP THREATS TO AMERICA'S SMALL BUSINESSES ======================================================================= HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION __________ HEARING HELD MARCH 25, 2026 __________ [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Small Business Committee Document Number 119-033 Available via the GPO Website: www.govinfo.gov __________ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 63-520 WASHINGTON : 2026 ======================================================================= HOUSE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS ROGER WILLIAMS, Texas, Chairman PETE STAUBER, Minnesota DAN MEUSER, Pennsylvania BETH VAN DUYNE, Texas JAKE ELLZEY, Texas MARK ALFORD, Missouri BRAD FINSTAD, Minnesota TONY WIED, Wisconsin ROB BRESNAHAN, Pennsylvania BRIAN JACK, Georgia KIMBERLYN KING-HINDS, Northern Marina Islands DEREK SCHMIDT, Kansas JIMMY PATRONIS, Florida NYDIA VELAZQUEZ, New York, Ranking Member MORGAN MCGARVEY, Kentucky HILLARY SCHOLTEN, Michigan LAMONICA MCIVER, New Jersey GIL CISNEROS, California KELLY MORRISON, Minnesota GEORGE LATIMER, New York DEREK TRAN, California LATEEFAH SIMON, California JOHNNY OLSZEWSKI, Maryland MAGGIE GOODLANDER, New Hampshire Lauren Holmes, Majority Staff Director Melissa Jung, Minority Staff Director C O N T E N T S OPENING STATEMENTS Page Hon. Roger Williams.............................................. 1 Hon. Nydia Velazquez............................................. 2 WITNESSES Mr. Andrew Pahutski, Vice President & Fellow Economic Security, Systems Planning and Analysis Inc., Baltimore, MD.............. 5 Mr. Sean Murphy, Founder, Kompassion, Former Founder, Bison Blockchain, Cheyenne, WY....................................... 6 Mr. Tom Lyons, Co-Founder, 2430 Group, Austin, TX................ 8 Dr. Rush Doshi, Assistant Professor, Georgetown University, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia and Director, China Strategy Initiative, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC....... 10 APPENDIX Prepared Statements: Mr. Andrew Pahutski, Vice President & Fellow Economic Security, Systems Planning and Analysis Inc., Baltimore, MD 30 Mr. Sean Murphy, Founder, Kompassion, Former Founder, Bison Blockchain, Cheyenne, WY................................... 32 Mr. Tom Lyons, Co-Founder, 2430 Group, Austin, TX............ 42 Dr. Rush Doshi, Assistant Professor, Georgetown University, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia and Director, China Strategy Initiative, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC............................................. 58 Questions and Answers for the Record: Question from Hon. Velazquez to Mr. Sean Murphy and Answer from Mr. Sean Murphy....................................... 62 Questions from Hon. Velazquez to Mr. Tom Lyons and Answers from Mr. Tom Lyons......................................... 63 Questions from Hon. Goodlander to Mr. Tom Lyons and Answers from Mr. Tom Lyons with attachment of the State Trade Expansion Program (STEP)................................... 65 Questions from Hon. Velazquez to Dr. Rush Doshi and Answers from Dr. Rush Doshi........................................ 72 Questions from Hon. McGarvey to Dr. Rush Doshi and Answers from Dr. Rush Doshi........................................ 74 Questions from Hon. Latimer to Dr. Rush Doshi and Answers from Dr. Rush Doshi........................................ 75 Questions from Hon. Tran to Dr. Rush Doshi and Answers from Dr. Rush Doshi............................................. 75 Questions from Hon. Olszewski to Dr. Rush Doshi and Answers from Dr. Rush Doshi........................................ 76 Questions from Hon. Goodlander to Dr. Rush Doshi and Answers from Dr. Rush Doshi with attachments of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and Stanford........... 77 Additional Material for the Record: Ozark Integrated Circuits Letter............................. 124 SBC Minority Letter to SBA................................... 127 SBC Democratic Staff Report.................................. 132 Asian Americans Advancing Justice (AAJC) Letter.............. 149 Representative Tran Letter................................... 169 DEFENDING MAIN STREET: COMBATING CCP THREATS TO AMERICA'S SMALL BUSINESSES ---------- WEDNESDAY, MARCH 25, 2026 House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to call, at 10:03 a.m., in Room 2360, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Roger Williams [chairman of the Committee] presiding. Present: Representatives Williams, Stauber, Meuser, Alford, Wied, Bresnahan, King-Hinds, Velazquez, McGarvey, Scholten, Cisneros, Tran, Simon, and Goodlander. Chairman WILLIAMS. Okay. May I have your attention. Before we get started, I want to recognize Representative Scholten from the great State of Michigan to lead us in the pledge and the prayer. Would you stand? Ms. SCHOLTEN. Dear God, thank you for the opportunity that we have to serve this country, and to come together not as Republicans or Democrats, but as servants of the people for the United States of America. And help us to use the time today to uplift the voices of small business owners, main street across this country. May we listen with our ears and hearts wide open, come up with solutions to better serve the small businesses across this country. In the name we pray, Amen. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Chairman WILLIAMS. Good morning to everyone, and I now call the Committee on Small Business to order. Without objection, the Chair is authorized to declare a recess of the Committee at any time. I now recognize myself for my opening statement. And I want to welcome everyone to today's hearing entitled ``Defending Main Street: Combating the CCP Threats to America's Small Businesses.'' First, I want to thank our witnesses for being here today, and for sharing their expertise on the important issue. I also thank my colleagues for joining us as we examine the challenges facing America's businesses in an increasingly competitive and complex global environment. Small businesses are essential to the American economy. They drive innovation, create jobs, and strengthen our communities. From cutting-edge technologies, start-ups, to family-owned manufacturers, small businesses play a vital role in driving America's economy and reinforcing our national security. However, this vital engine of our economy is under threat. The Chinese Communist Party has made it a priority to challenge the United States economically and strategically. In doing so, the CCP is exploiting every opportunity to target American innovation. American entrepreneurs invest significant time, capital, and ingenuity into developing new products and technologies. Yet, far too often, these innovations are stolen, replicated overseas, and sold at a lower cost, undermining the very business that created them. CCP-linked investments in small businesses also raise serious concerns. Many small businesses, particularly start- ups, rely on outside capital to grow in scale. But, when the capital comes from entities tied directly or indirectly to foreign adversaries, sensitive technologies and proprietary information risk being exposed and exploited. In some cases, these investments are structured in ways that obscure their true origin, making it difficult for entrepreneurs to identify their potential risk. Additionally, supply chain dependence on China continues to pose a serious threat, and for decades American businesses outsource production to China due to low labor costs. But this is efficient in the short term. It also creates significant risk, especially for small businesses that lack the resources and shift production or diversify suppliers. These challenges are not economic; they are matters of national security. Today's hearing is an opportunity to better understand how these threats impact small businesses and identify practical solutions. We must ensure that American entrepreneurs have the tools they need to protect their innovation, secure a trusted source of capital, and build resilient supply chains. If we fail to act, we risk losing not only our competitive edge but also the ingenuity and entrepreneurial spirit that define our nation. I look forward to hearing from our witnesses about their experiences and recommendations for how Congress can support and protect America's small businesses. With that, I now yield to my friend and our distinguished Ranking Member from New York, Ms. Velazquez, for her opening remarks. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you to all the witnesses for being here with us this morning. In March of 1942, just after our entry into the Second World War, the U.S. Army, citing an executive order signed by President Roosevelt and backed by a law passed by Congress, forced over 100,000 ethnically Japanese people on the West Coast, including U.S. citizens, into what even President Roosevelt himself called concentration camps. The Army was never required to prove that the Americans in the camps posed any threat to national security. In fact, no Japanese American was ever convicted of any act of sabotage during the war. Their mere ethnicity was enough in the eyes of the federal government and the media to imply disloyalty to the country they were born in, lived in, and worked in. Each family was given a week to register with the government, liquidate their homes and businesses, gather what they could carry, and report to assembly centers, often converted from outdoor racetracks and fairgrounds, to wait to be sent to their assigned camp. Once shipped to their camps, prisoners were made to sleep in barracks and confined spaces with little privacy and quality of life under the constant watch of snipers and armed guards. By the end of the war, 125,000 people, half of whom were children, had to stay in the camps. Eighty-four years have passed since this deep injustice began. In 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 apologizing for it and providing reparations to the victims of the camps. I see alarming echoes of this injustice in our discourse surrounding China, echoes that are manifesting in this hearing. Let me be clear: The People's Republic of China is America's far most strategic competitor. The practices it has employed to bolster its state-controlled firms, corner markets, and undermine free competition around the world are hurting America's technological leadership and small businesses. The federal government must do what it can to address these issues. That is why I proudly voted for the CHIPS and Science Act, and Inflation Reduction Act, to set industrial policies strengthening the entire ecosystem of resources, tax incentives, ancillary businesses, and workforce development surrounding the domestic manufacturing of strategic technologies and critical components. Furthermore, multiple programs exist at the SBA and elsewhere in the federal government to bolster small businesses through capital access and technical assistance, which I have been pleased to support and strengthen throughout my tenure in Congress. That is also why I vehemently oppose the Trump administration's action to undermine these far-sighted investments and substitute them with broad untargeted tariffs, mass deportation, DOGE cuts, and racism against immigrants and minorities. Not only are these actions morally bankrupt, but they are unnecessary and undermine our national security and economy. It is entirely possible for the federal government to protect our national security without stepping into a slippery slope that is ethnic profiling. That means tackling complicated problems with new solutions and examining policies based on their merits, not engaging in inflammatory messaging and fear mongering against Americans and other people of Chinese ancestry. I sincerely hope that today's conversation stays within those bounds. With that, I thank the witnesses for being here, and I yield back. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentlelady yields back. And I will now introduce our witnesses. The first witness today is Mr. Pahutski. Mr. Pahutski is the vice president and fellow of Economic Security and Systems Planning and Analysis Inc. He is a former Senior Eexecutive Member of the U.S. Department of Defense, with nearly three decades of experience in policy, acquisition, intelligence, and operations. Throughout his career, Mr. Pahutski has led major defense modernization initiatives and advised senior leaders on strengthening supply chains and emerging technologies. Mr. Pahutski holds a bachelor's degree in international economics from Salisbury University, home of the fighting Sea Gulls. Right? Mr. PAHUTSKI. Right. Chairman WILLIAMS. And has completed advanced technologies at Defense Acquisition University, the Naval Postgraduate School, and the U.S. Army War College. I appreciate having you here today. Our next witness is Mr. Sean Murphy. Mr. Murphy was founder of the Bison Blockchain, a long-scale bitcoin mining company in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Bison Blockchain faced a takeover attempt by the CCP and ultimately secured a CFIUS divestment order. He is also the founder of Kompassion. Earlier in his career, he was a researcher and a speaker on hemp, finance and healthcare policy, making appearances at the White House, Congress, and major media outlets. Mr. Murphy volunteers in the VA hospice care, is a palliative care father to a child with a rare terminal disease, and is a U.S. State Department professional fellow, and we will pray for your family. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Notre Dame. I don't know what their mascot is. Mr. MURPHY. Fighting Irish. Chairman WILLIAMS. Oh, is it? Okay. I knew you'd know that. Our next witness, Mr. Tom Lyons. Mr. Lyons is the co- founder of 2430 Group, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization focused on helping the U.S. private sector defend against foreign espionage. He works with business leaders to protect intellectual property and address threats from foreign adversaries. Previously he served for 15 years as national security executive in the U.S. federal government, advancing U.S. interests in complex global environments. Mr. Lyons holds a juris doctor from the Catholic University of America, and a degree in international finance and German from Auburn University, home of the Tigers. And I now recognize the Ranking Member from New York, Ms. Velazquez, to briefly introduce our last witness. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to welcome Dr. Rush Doshi, who is an assistant professor at the Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service and the C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia and the Director of the China Strategy Initiative at the Council on Foreign Relations. Previously, Dr. Doshi served as the Deputy Senior Director for China and Taiwan on the last administration's National Security Council. In that role, Dr. Doshi helped manage the NSC's first China directory, coordinated China and Taiwan policy, drafted President Biden's China strategy, and served as a top negotiator in matters regarding the PRC, Taiwan, and the AUKUS Alliance. Dr. Doshi holds a bachelor's degree from Princeton and a Ph.D. from Harvard. Welcome. Thank you for being here. Thank you. Chairman WILLIAMS. Thank you. We appreciate, again, all of you being here today. So, before recognizing the witnesses, I would like to remind them that their oral testimony is restricted to 5 minutes in length. You all have done that. We stick with that. If you see the light turn red in front of you, it means your 5 minutes have concluded, and you should wrap up your testimony. If you're still out there talking after 5 minutes, you're going to hear this; that means ``shut it down.'' Okay. All right. So, with that in mind, I now recognize Mr. Pahutski for his 5-minute opening remarks. STATEMENTS OF ANDREW PAHUTSKI, VICE PRESIDENT & FELLOW, ECONOMIC SECURITY, SYSTEMS PLANNING AND ANALYSIS INC.; SEAN MURPHY, FOUNDER, KOMPASSION, AND FORMER FOUNDER, BISON BLOCKCHAIN; TOM LYONS, CO-FOUNDER, 2430 GROUP; AND RUSH DOSHI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, AND C.V. STARR SENIOR FELLOW FOR ASIA AND DIRECTOR, CHINA STRATEGY INITIATIVE, COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS. STATEMENT OF ANDREW PAHUTSKI Mr. PAHUTSKI. Thank you, sir. The views expressed in this testimony are my own and do not necessarily reflect those of my employer. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to testify today on the sophisticated and evolving actions of the Chinese Communist Party, and the cascading impact those actions are having on America's small businesses, the industrial base, and the broader United States economy. This hearing reflects an important recognition: Small businesses are essential to the United States' industrial capacity, innovation base, and long-term strategic advantage. The bottom line is clear: Protecting America's small business is not simply an economic issue; it is a national security imperative. Every large business started small. Many firms that will shape America's future manufacturing base, technological advantages and small businesses today often operate within fewer resources and fewer protections. Protecting them means protecting America's long-term competitive advantage. In today's environment, economic security is national security. The United States' ability to innovate, produce, secure supply chains, and scale trusted capacity is directly tied to our ability to project power globally. The defense industrial base is a useful point of reference, but the line between it and the broader American industrial base continues to shrink. Technologies converge through use applications often manifest over time, and software and other less tangible technologies operate across multiple domains and environments simultaneously. What appears purely commercial today may become critical to national security tomorrow. For that reason, these should be understood as codependent parts of the same national industrial ecosystem. The challenge is that the Communist Party of China- linked threats to small businesses rarely appear in only one form. They can emerge through investments, supply chain exposures, intellectual property theft, or commercial relationships that appear beneficial at first but create long- term strategic vulnerabilities. For many businesses, the threat does not present itself as coercion. It presents itself as an opportunity. Small businesses are often among the most innovative actors in our economy. The examples are endless. But they are also among the least equipped to detect, deter, and counter national State threats. Many operate with limited capital, limited legal support, and little margin for error when promising opportunities carry hidden risk. When small businesses are compromised, the loss is not confined to a single firm. The spillover effects can be seen in reduced innovation, weakened resilience, and less trusted capacity for the whole of the economy. The greater concern is not simply the loss of any one single contract, company, or technology. It is the cumulative effect of allowing promising American firms to be weakened before they can fully scale, compete, and contribute to the nation's long-term economic and national security growth. That is how strategic erosion happens. That is how the CCP is doing it: quietly, incrementally, and often before national security implications are fully understood. The policy goal in my view should be straightforward: trusted growth, American advantage. That means helping small businesses recognize risk earlier and making it easier for them to choose trusted capital, trusted supply chains, and trusted partners. The central question is not whether we will respond after an American company has been compromised. It is whether we will act early enough to help the next generation of American innovators, manufacturers, and strategic suppliers grow on a trusted, secure, and competitive path from the start. I thank you for your time, and I look forward to your questions. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. I now want to recognize Mr. Murphy for his 5-minute opening remarks. STATEMENT OF SEAN MURPHY Mr. MURPHY. Chairman Williams, Ranking Member, and distinguish Members of the House Small Business Committee. I am a former executive at Bison Blockchain. I am here today as an entrepreneur and small business owner who survived a Chinese takeover that literally wiped out everything we had built. In 2022 and 2023, Bison Blockchain poured sweat and every last dollar into building the largest bitcoin mine in Wyoming, near Cheyenne, and just one mile from the Warren Air Force Base, and our nation's Minutemen III missiles. When our domestic capital fell through, we took a last-minute lead investor who claimed to be from Singapore, an international businessman. After breaking ground, it became clear they were from Beijing and Hong Kong, majority Chinese nationals backed by CCP-linked capital, who also ran IP transfer companies. Just before bitcoin mining began, they brought in personnel from China to replace us as operators. We sued for breach of contract and interference, and then they countersued us, a small local business, for $110 million. It was unfair. It was hugely inflated, and it was lawfare. And effectively they were mocking us and our judicial system. They hired six law firms, two in New York, one in Los Angeles, and three locally in Cheyenne, and they exploited relationships between their Wyoming lawyers and Wyoming State legislators. Then came the Presidential CFIUS divestment order, but they saw it coming, and they sold the site to CleanSpark, a large U.S. public company with hundreds of millions of dollars in contracts with Bitmain, one of the Chinese defendants. Bitmain is now under investigation in Operation Red Sunset by the Department of Homeland Security. This wasn't competition. This was the Chinese mocking us and working with CleanSpark to try to wipe out the small guys. The local guys. The main street guys. Their plan would have succeeded, but for the extraordinary work of my father, Patrick Murphy, Bison's attorney; my brother Michael, Bison's co-founders; and two men who are here today, Andrew Astuno, our CFIUS expert, and Cyrus Miryekta, a national security consultant who helped us. I would also like to acknowledge Beth Clay, who is not here. But all of these individuals really helped me in this process with the Chinese. They were going to run off with the money. Everyone. The sales money. That was their plan, but we were able to secure landmark writs of prejudgment attachment and garnishment where the Wyoming Federal District Court took control of the sales money. And, once they took control of the sales money, we were then able to negotiate a settlement. So effectively we got money out and beat the Chinese. Who am I in all of this? I am a palliative father. My son battles a terminal illness, and I fight for his life every day. For 16 years, I have been a VA hospice volunteer, sitting at the bedside of dying warriors who have served this country, honoring the premise that no veteran dies alone. My advocacy for my son and veterans centers on palliative care and access to cannabinoids, rescheduling marijuana from schedule I to schedule III to unlock research and healing, especially for rare diseases. I am also an advocate against child trafficking, and I employ you to stand against it at home and abroad. These realities made me something the Chinese did not anticipate in the lawfare, a father who had faced bigger, scarier dragons than them and their 16 lawyers. Being with my son and veterans, I realized we are not chemical beings to be pumped full of pharmaceuticals. We are electrical beings that need to be filled with light. Our bodies run on bioelectric fields, energy pathways, and natural frequencies. This is biology, that every cell has an electrical charge; every muscle movement, every heartbeat is a result of an electrical charge or discharge. The EKG and EEG medical tests are measuring electrical impulses in the heart and brain. As a palliative father, I tried everything else to help my son. Only energetic medicine, including sound and light therapies brought him relief when nothing else did. And this is the next wave of healthcare, and the intellectual property behind it is pure gold. As a Hospice volunteer, I have seen how rampant fraud and abuse in healthcare devastate patients in small businesses, from massive durable medical equipment overbilling in Florida, to ghost hospice facilities in California syphoning hundreds of millions, literally, from Medicare and Medicaid. These scams inflate taxes for every family, erode trust in legitimate services, and risk bankrupting these programs. And our adversaries, like the CCP, can and do exploit to weaken us economically from within. Lawfare and IP theft are a direct threat to main street, and we cannot allow any foreign country, especially the CCP, to do these things against American entrepreneurs, parents and veterans. I have included four recommendations in my written testimony, and I urge your good consideration and action. Thank you for this opportunity to testify and tell my story. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. I now recognize Mr. Lyons for his 5-minute opening remarks. STATEMENT OF TOM LYONS Mr. LYONS. Chairman Williams, Ranking Member Velazquez, Members of the Committee, thank you for this hearing. My name is Tom Lyons. I am a former CIA officer, and a co-founder of 2430 Group, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that educates and defends U.S. innovation from nation-state economic espionage. I am here because America's small businesses are under attack, and most of them do not know this. We have long characterized the CCP as a strategic competitor, but we need to ask ourselves whether their behavior is that of a competitor or that of a nation at war. These are two different things, and they prompt two different policy responses. I would offer this, in the book ``Unrestricted Warfare'' from 1999, two PLAs colonels wrote that the future of conflict would be waged through economic subversion, technology theft, and the destruction of a rival's competitive advantage. The CCP recognizes that this kind of nonkinetic gray zone warfare against our companies, our research institutes, and our small businesses can be more effective than a kinetic war. In their own words, this is war, and we should take them at their word. When it comes to measuring the damage from this war, the numbers we hear about are dangerously incomplete. It is often cited from the IP commission that we lose between 225 and $600 billion annually to economic espionage. Those numbers do not capture incidents like Apple abandoning the autonomous vehicle industry, in part, because of PRC espionage, or one Google engineer walking out with the chip designs powering our AI systems. It doesn't capture the metrics of the hundreds of companies that were never born because we lost the entire industry. America pioneered the solar energy, lithium batteries, drone, and wind turbine industries. China dominates all of these today. We invented the World's pharmaceutical innovations, but China today controls the key starter materials in most of our drugs. Production grinds to a halt if China restricts our supply chain. The real costs are the entire sectors of the U.S. economy that no longer exist. Stand back and look at the industries that China has targeted and currently dominates: energy, communication, logistics, medicine, advanced computing, steel. These are all foundational for winning any conflict. And it is not limited to critical technology. The same pattern plays out in agricultural, manufacturing, and consumer goods. If Apple, a $3 trillion company, could not protect its AV program, what chance does a small start-up have? A third of our small businesses rely on free antivirus software. Sixty percent shut down within months of a major cyber attack. We have caught the big cases because those companies had cyber or counterintelligence measures in place, but most companies, most small companies do not. Small businesses make up 99 percent of the U.S. firms, and they employ nearly half of the workforce. They are the hub of American innovation, the engine of our economy, and the foundation of our ability to project force in any conflict. In China's unified economy, one company steals technology; a second will manufacture it; and a third will export it. Our legal system treats each as acting alone, however. So we miss the opportunity to hold the system accountable. As you know, American taxpayers have funded part of this effort through small business innovation grants, or PPP loans, going to PRC state-owned entities. We have subsidized our own long-term decline because we haven't had basic checks in place. American executives go to federal prison for price-fixing, insider trading, and other anti-competitive behavior. Yet the PRC does this at a nation-state scale. What the PRC is doing goes beyond trade, diplomatic, or regulatory issues. They are exploiting our system, which was designed for good-faith commercial actors. The playing field is simply unequal. I want to be clear: This fight is against the Chinese Communist Party; it is not against the Chinese people. Many Chinese nationals come here to escape the system. They are victims of CCP coercion themselves. Our response must be precise, targeting conduct, not targeting ethnicity. In my written testimony, we prepared specific legislative initiatives, the centerpiece being the Foreign Espionage Designation Act. In this case, the President would designate specific entities as foreign economic espionage organizations. It would then be a federal crime to knowingly accept compensation or material benefit from such a designated organization. This targets the so-called talent programs or the expert networks that incentivize theft across our industry. We also prepared the Malign Foreign Interest Disclosure Act, requiring that any entity receiving material-state support from a country of concern disclose that relationship publicly. American businesses deserve transparency in whom they are doing business with. We do not ask American citizens to wage war against foreign nation states. That is the government's job. But that is exactly what we are asking 33 million small businesses to do. If this is war, and it seems like the PLA has said as much, then the government must subsidize counterintelligence the same way we fund national defense. American industries face an existential threat from the CCP, and our small businesses are on the front lines with limited defenses, intelligence, and government support. The essential point is this: Main street should not have to fight this alone. It is not an equal playing field. Thank you for the opportunity. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. I now recognize Dr. Doshi for his 5-minute opening remarks. STATEMENT OF RUSH DOSHI Mr. DOSHI. Thank you. Chairman Williams, Ranking Member Velazquez, and distinguish Members of the community, I appreciate the opportunity to testify today. My argument is simple: Our small businesses are critical to America's future in manufacturing and technology, but, today, China is mounting the most comprehensive industrial strategy any power has ever attempted and is putting our small businesses at existential risk. The urgent task for this Committee is to consider how to help our small businesses meet this unprecedented challenge. I want to divide my testimony into four questions. First, what are China's objectives? The Chinese Communist Party aims to catch up and surpass the West. It believes there have been four industrial revolutions that determined the fate of nations. The first was steam power, which brought British dominance. The second was electrification, and the third was mass manufacturing, which brought American dominance. And now we are in the fourth, quantum, biotech, AI, and robotics, which China is determined to win, not just for prosperity but for relative power. And Beijing sees manufacturing as the key to winning this revolution. That brings me to a second question: How is China doing in manufacturing? China overtook the United States to become the world's dominate manufacturer in less than 25 years. Over that period, our share of manufacturing fell by half, from 30 to 15 percent, while China's share quintupled, from 6 percent to 30 percent. It now exceeds that of the next nine countries combined, and it isn't standing still. China is spending roughly $400 billion a year on industrial policy. By contrast, the U.S. CHIPS and Science Act is $50 billion over multiple years. That leads to a third question: What is the role of small business in this story? Large firms have dominated American manufacturing for decades, but their supply chains are made up of smaller firms. Today small business is the path to American reindustrialization. Smaller businesses are the keepers of specialized manufacturing knowledge; they are the producers of precision components, tooling, and specialty materials. Take aerospace and defense. Roughly 70 percent of Boeing's Dreamliner comes from its smaller suppliers. Roughly 60 percent of all employment in that sector is small and mid-sized businesses. And the story is similar in other sectors, too, like automotives. Now, China sees the value of small and medium enterprises. Ten years ago, when it launched its Made in China 2025 program to catch up and surpass the West in key sectors, it saw small business as part of the plan. So it launched the so-called Little Giants Program to boost innovation, eliminate foreign suppliers, and create global competitors in high technology. That program is a competitive program, but once firms get in, once they get that Little Giants designation, they get access to an incredible package of loans, subsidies, state equity investments, expedited patent processing, university research support, streamlined stock market listings, and even offtake from SOEs and the government. To date, more than 17,000 Chinese firms have been designated Little Giants. Ninety percent are in high-tech manufacturing, and some have grown into global titans, like Unitree Robotics. That is what our system is up against, which leads to a fourth and final question: What do we do? The SBA has some powerful tools. In fiscal year 2025, it guaranteed $45 billion in loans to more than 85,000 small businesses, the most in its history. But the truth is this is simply not enough to keep up with Beijing. I would like to offer a few proposals. First, China is going all-in on research support, but we have let the programs that we use to support early stage research lapse. Congress should immediately reauthorize the Small Business Innovation Research, and the Small Business Technology Transfer programs. Second, China packages its benefits together and ties them to a certification program whereas we launch often uncoordinated individual initiatives. We can change that. Congress can launch a certification program that provides a coordinated package, demand side, supply side, and regulatory support for our high-tech small company. Third, China's Little Giants raised about $125 billion in the last few years from private sources, often with state support. Meanwhile, the first cohort of our SBIC critical tech program might raise $4 billion. Congress should scale up that kind of program. Fourth, Chinese manufacturers are able to access low-cost capital, including loans. To keep up, Congress should raise the number of loans, the loan cap, and the total appropriation for U.S. SBA's new, manufacturing--Access to Revolving Credit Program. And, fifth, China's Little Giants can draw on universities, state institutes, and SOEs for technical assistance. Our equivalent program has lapsed. Congress should restore the Manufacturing Extension Partnership promptly. These are just a few recommendations, but the common thread through all of them is integration. The SBA has loans, equity vehicles, R&D programs, and technical assistance programs. What it lacks is a mechanism to deploy them together in a coordinated way. China has built that kind of program, and it is working. This Committee has the tools and jurisdiction to build the American equivalent. Thank you for your time, and I look forward to your questions. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. And we will now move to the Member questions under the 5- minute rule. I recognize myself for 5 minutes. Mr. Murphy, as a small business owner, you were directly involved in a dispute with a Chinese-controlled entity that ultimately forced your company out of its own project. You mentioned that. Can you walk us through how that situation unfolded, and what warning signs, if any, you now recognize maybe in hindsight? Mr. MURPHY. Yes. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Members of the Committee. There were warning signs, but all of this was under a prevailing need for expediency. We had secured through an RFP process contracts to electrical power, and that is what you need to mine bitcoin, is a lot of electrical power. And our lead investors fell through. We had raised $3 million, but we needed a lot more to build out the project. So we had this quick need to secure the capital to execute the project, and we ultimately, for lack of a better term, got in bed financially with these Chinese partners. So the first one was the diligence. We did not have time. And the nature of the capital need was expedient, like we had to execute on this or we would have lost the power contract. So there is the due diligence piece that could have, should have been better, but it wasn't because things had to move quickly. And then, second, as things devolved and that played itself out, was the nature of the lawfare. And they were mobilized; they were strategic; and they knew what they were doing in hiring all of these lawyers and law firms at national and local levels to crush us on the legal fees. So it was really those two: It was the upfront things that could have, should have been different, but it was so quick we couldn't do it differently. And then, as things played out, there was nowhere to go as a small business when the lawfare was happening. There wasn't a congressional--there was no federal mechanism, or we weren't aware of it. We were just the small business left to duke it out. And I don't know how that would be solved. There is some possibilities, but that was the difficult spot once it came to that, Mr. Chairman. Chairman WILLIAMS. Thank you. Mr. Pahutski, capital is the life blood of small business. We all know that. And many rely on alternative investments to scale but may not have the resources to fully vet investors. So my question to you would be, how can we help small businesses identify and avoid the investments from entities with ties to foreign adversaries, particularly those connected to the CCP? Mr. PAHUTSKI. Thank you, Chairman, for the question. And your question is spot on to a plan that I have devised with the acronym TRUST, meaning Trusted Resilient U.S. Tracks, and it is underpinned by 10 different items that are very simple and effective and in place today: Launch small business-led trusted capital programs at each department and agency, embedded already in that fabric that exists. Streamline due diligence support with grants and affordable tools for small businesses. Incentivize supply chain diversification through tax credits and subsidies. Establish vetted suppliers that highlight secure-approved partners. Foster public-private partnerships to mentor small businesses into contracting vehicles. Align with Section 1260H that Congress passed years ago that provides clear supply chain risk guidance. Empower small businesses with advocacy and pathways for market access. Build trusted and transparency tools to map supply chains and risk identifications early. Coordinate with small business administration offices to ensure national security while fostering innovation. And launch educational initiatives for small businesses so they know how to navigate these programs. It is not complicated. Everything that I have identified there, as kind of mentioned in others' comments, are pieces across this chessboard that we haven't tied together. Implementing them are easy. We have to move from policy to action, and that is what is slowing us down. United States is known for innovating, and China is known for duplicating. We have to cease that. We have to get ahead of their actions. Chairman WILLIAMS. Thank you. Mr. Lyons, in closing here, as you know, main street is increasingly vulnerable to Chinese Communist Party efforts to target America's small businesses and steal intellectual property. So my question would be, based on your experience, what was the most common method used to obtain intellectual property from America's small businesses? Mr. LYONS. Mr. Chairman, thank you for the question. It is a great question that should be studied further. In my experience, the cyber attacks are the most prevalent. The second I would say is insider threats. And it is leveraging programs, such as Thousand Talents, and following that, it is engagement through venture firms. And even the process of doing due diligence from a venture firm when they are learning about a start-up is a syphon of intellectual property theft. So small businesses today are--it is multivector. It comes through coercion at times on insiders as well. Under the 2017 Chinese Intelligence Law, PRC nationals have to cooperate when they are asked to. So that threatens American workers who happen to be PRC nationals. Chairman WILLIAMS. Okay. Thank you very much. And I now recognize, my time is up. I now recognize the Ranking Member for 5 minutes of questions. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Dr. Doshi, how do differences in the U.S. and PRC's political economies affect our bilateral tech competition? Mr. DOSHI. Thank you very much for the question. China is a nonmarket economy. It has enormous amounts of state support and coordination to support small companies and big companies alike. And that means that oftentimes their companies can stay solvent longer. They are not targeting profit. They are targeting market share. There are companies which either need to get loans or are disciplined by our capital markets. So they can just stay in the game longer and throw more money at the problem than we can, and they have the government as their ally and the competition without companies. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. It is no secret that the PRC dominates the supply chain for important items like pharmaceutical precursors, which we saw on full display during the COVID pandemic. Why is it in our national interest to ensure manufacturing for strategic tech and their parts? Mr. DOSHI. Thank you for the question. We did see that China weaponized its unique role over the rare minerals and magnets supply chain. The total amount in value of the rare minerals we import is less than the price of an F-35, and yet it supports more than 20 percent of American economic activity. If you take pharmaceuticals, 90 percent are fermentation- based API; that is, antibiotics are made in China. If we don't bring some of that back or have it come from our allies and partners, China has a chokehold over our healthcare system. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. How does President Trump's tariff wars affect small business' ability to ensure and compete with the PRC competitors? Mr. DOSHI. On the one hand, the tariffs can create some protection from the PRC. But, on the other hand, they also raise the import costs for many companies that require importation of all kinds of imports for manufacturing. And, as a direct result, they may be less competitive globally, and we are seeing a lot of strain amongst small and medium manufacturers as a direct result of higher costs. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Our biggest strength is our ability to draw and keep the best minds in the world. This helps us drain the PRC's expertise and use it for our interests. Last year Committee staff released a report finding that President Trump's mass deportation campaign is hurting this strength. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to put the report in the record. Chairman WILLIAMS. So moved. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. How does the Trump crackdown harm our tech leadership? Mr. DOSHI. I think there is a risk that some of the immigration crackdown will reduce the flow of high-scaled entrepreneurs from abroad into the United States. And a lot of our most innovative companies are a mixture of American homegrown talent and also foreign talent. We are only 300 million people. China is 1.4 billion. Our superpower is the ability to attract the very best from around the world and have them enhance our tech ecosystem. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Thank you. The SBA, Dr. Doshi, just made sweeping lending policy changes barring small businesses from SBA loans if they have any foreign industry stakes. The notice names PRC nationals without justification, bringing constitutional concerns under the 14th Amendment. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to put in the record my letter to the SBA detailing these concerns. Chairman WILLIAMS. So moved. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Do these unnecessary restrictions constrain capital access for American entrepreneurs? Mr. DOSHI. I think a lot of foreign nationals from a variety of countries can do a lot of good in the United States. Ph.D. students from abroad, from India or China or Japan, when they are here, they can launch innovative companies. We shouldn't deny them capital just because they are foreign citizens. And, as for the China question, there are real concerns about security and espionage. We also have to implement this policy in a way that doesn't undercut our innovation advantages. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Does it hurt small manufacturers' ability to onshore? Mr. DOSHI. I think it does because that foreign talent will often, especially Trump himself said, actually help us reindustrialize the country, for example, in areas like batteries. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Does it incentivize them to seek more risky foreign capital? Mr. DOSHI. I think that is an important point. If you can't access capital from the SBA, you may end up trying to get capital from less trustworthy foreign sources, including China. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Mr. Lyons, the prime way to monitor fraud and address suspicious and fraudulent activity in our federal research programs is through their built-in watchdogs, the offices of inspector general. Should they be fully funded so that they can be at their greatest strength? In some cases, some of the agencies do not have yet an OIG. Mr. LYONS. Ranking Member, thank you for the question. I see I am out of time. However, I think that any initiative that provides more of a capability to allow us to do research and background on individuals, programs, companies to determine and detect their connectivity to the PRC is a program I would support. Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Thank you. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentlelady yields back. I now recognize Mr. Meuser from the great State of Pennsylvania for 5 minutes. Mr. MEUSER. Thank you, Chairman. Thank you all. Very compelling testimony. Just to start out, let's face it, the advantage that was provided over a 20- year period to China's products being shipped into the U.S. versus where we are today, very much thanks to the courage of President Trump to rethink tariffs and focus on fair trade--not just free trade--has more advantages and benefits than negatives. That being said, there is some real serious conversation taking place here. I am not new to it. I have got a relatively extensive business background on the international front as well. But what I am interested in hearing from you all is, what can Congress do? Many of you have outlined this in your testimony, I mean, in real terms, advice on recognizing the risk beforehand so we can hopefully share that with--in our promotion, communications. And, once you are under attack or being injured or harmed, who are you going to? Who in our federal government, state government? Is it FinCEN? Who is helping you? The DOJ, the SBA, the FBI? I mean, you know, you are really under significant assault, Mr. Murphy, with your business, and others. So, Mr. Pahutski, let me just start with you, and you were outlining, and we really want to get those 10 items that you had, as well as the 4 that you included in your testimony, but what can Congress do, and perhaps advice on recognizing, if you would? Mr. PAHUTSKI. So I think it starts with accountability. Right. The executive branch has the authorities to execute the intent and everything that has been discussed here. But shifting away from offices that concentrate on small businesses, policymakers and shifting that to action doers. Right. When instances occur like Mr. Murphy's, they need advocacy at the point of the problem. And that is a long problem expanse. Right. Far left is, ``Hey, where can I find trusted capital?'' Right. If you are working with the DOD, or the DOE, potentially, in his instance, that would have an advocacy role; they should have a list of trusted providers, of capital providers that he could have access to so he doesn't have to guess and blindly navigate that course. That was a policy and an instrument that had started in the DOD that I was familiar with about 8 years ago and has slowed. Right. That is something that needs to pick up pace. And it is not so during the current administration. It slowed over time because of you all's priority and focus to other things. But having trusted capital programs do an amazing job to avoid what he did. The other part I would advocate for is understanding the supply chains. Right. If you are not being bartered and traded through trusted capital to undermine your company, it is through the supply chains that make you less attractive to the DOD or other institutions that you work with. Right. So eliminating those supply chains--not just identifying the bad ones but providing a list of trusts vendors and sources is also a critical step in this. Mr. MEUSER. That is great. I have limited time. Mr. Murphy, what would say, what sort of help would you like to have had from the federal government, and what else could Congress do. Mr. MURPHY. Yes. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and to you Representative. The big thing from the onset was we didn't know--we didn't even think about the SBA as an option for capital. Never--why would we get a loan? So having hybrid and equity options that are meaningful. So, for a business like ours, we needed 10- to $15 million to secure the project. We had already raised millions, but we needed more. So it is that hybrid and equity option at larger amounts, and that was what really led to my recommendation thinking we are doing this in critical technology really primarily defense right now--I think it is the SBIC critical technology initiative. There is a good amount of capital there, but there is nothing in healthcare. Right. There is nothing in these parallel industries that helps us access that. And, then, the other piece with the lawfare, I have a few notes here, things like debarment or sanctions, but tricky in the middle of the litigation, or fast tracking relief in some way to DOJ or Commerce Or the Trade Representative. But, once it got to the point of the lawfare, it was hard for Congress, or this body, to really help us. We were in the judiciary. Mr. MEUSER. Thank you. Mr. Lyons, somewhat of the same question, if you could respond relatively quickly. And, by the way, Mr. Doshi, your testimony was outstanding. All your testimonies, I want to make sure I get it to the right people at the SBA; your information is really critical to our economy. But, go ahead, Mr. Lyons. Five seconds. Mr. LYONS. I would commend Congress for recently passing SBIR reauthorization, which includes due diligence standards in there. That is an immediate thing. SBA should have funding to provide threat briefings to small businesses. The biggest problem today is that most companies are simply unaware of this issue. Also, states like California prevent due diligence from occurring without providing that diligence to the subjects of the diligence. Mr. MEUSER. My time has run out. I yield back. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. I now recognize Mr. McGarvey from the great State of Kentucky for 5 minutes. Mr. MCGARVEY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you for having this really important hearing today and to our witnesses for joining us. I am going to start with you, Mr. Pahutski. Your business has been active in SBIR, STTR since 1988. And not just active, but, I mean, received tons of awards. I think something like 30 awards or more through the program. And just how have you seen this vital program support small businesses and promote American innovation? Mr. PAHUTSKI. I want to be careful on my testimony because I am not representing my company, nor the awards that they have received through fair competition. But Systems Planning Analysis broadly is considered an expert in the industry understanding exactly where threat vectors are coming from, and how to provide that strategic counsel and advice back to the government to avoid things--left of launch, if you would, that Mr. Murphy and other Americans have experienced. Mr. MCGARVEY. No. I appreciate that. And this is an example, sometimes, you know, if you are watching this place from afar, you think the fights are between Democrats and Republicans oftentimes, and sometimes, in this place, fights come between the House and the Senate. And this is an example of where the House, all of our colleagues here, took this incredibly program, SBIR, STTR, passed it, and then it was, not just the Senate Republicans--really, it was one Republican Senator with a bone to pick that held this entire process up. And now it has effectively been shuddered for 6 months. So they finally came to their senses over there on the other side of the Capitol and reopened the program, but, of course, now that we passed the bill out of both Chambers, the President has said he is not going to sign any more legislation until the SAVE Act is passed. So this important work remains on hold. And I just--this is important work because, as we have this conversation, this really, really important conversation--Mr. Lyons, I appreciate a lot of what you had to say about the threat that the PRC and the CCP is posing to Americans, to America, and, in particular, American business interests--we need to have programs like this funded that are helping our own small businesses continue to have an advantage, continue to grow, continue to invest in products and people across the United States. So we need the President to sign this. We need our small businesses to get help. We all need to work on this. And I just want to end on a little point, Dr. Doshi, is it easier to address how China is harming our small businesses from IP theft, from coercion, from manipulation, if we go it alone, or if we go at it with our allies? Mr. DOSHI. Well, thank you, sir. It is a great question. And what I want to say is that, right now, China outscales us in many dimensions. They are twice our manufacturing capacity, 3 times our power generation, 11 times our steel production, 20 times our cement production, but if we take the U.S. and put our allies and partners together, we outscale China. Any time we want to make progress, we are stronger if we do it with our friends, and the Chinese simply cannot match the scale that we have together. Mr. MCGARVEY. And that is why I think this hearing is so important. That is why it is so important in this Committee where we still do come together and do good work. We have some real threats we have to deal with. We are not going to be as successful if we continue to fight ourselves and fight our allies when we should be taking on a common enemy. So I appreciate you guys bringing that point up. And, Mr. Chairman, I yield back. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. I recognize Mr. Wied from the great State of Wisconsin for 5 minutes. Mr. WIED. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you to the witnesses for being here today. The Chinese Communist Party is no longer an emerging threat to our national security. They have a calculated and well- developed plan to infiltrate our educational institutions, internet data, military installations, and our nation's economy. Many of these threats are more overt than others, but the CCP infiltration of American small business is a problem that is not always discussed. The threat from the CCP to small businesses ranges from intellectual property theft to CCP-linked investments. However, small businesses often lack the resources to protect their company and the products they have poured their time into. I look forward to discussing these issues with all of you here today. Mr. Pahutski, what are the current gaps that small businesses face when seeking capital that allows CCP-linked investors to access this sensitive information? Mr. PAHUTSKI. I don't know if it is a lack of access to capital, but it is a lack of awareness once they have access to it, and that really means the speed of relevance. In Mr. Murphy's case, I would dare say that he was under a time pressure to make something happen because the deal would close in a certain period of time. Not having the ability to do due diligence, one, because of the cost, the other because of the education, ``do I really need to do that,'' and those two worlds intersect at the point of decisionmaking. And that is not months and weeks. That is hours and days at the most. Right. And so we are left to cross the spectrum of seeing these types of instances because we don't have the advocacy within the government that is a clear path to solutions for these small businesses. We need to do better. Mr. WIED. Well, this would be for, Mr. Murphy, how about, what are some ways that small businesses in your--from your experience, having gone through this, that can protect themselves from CCP-linked investors. Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Chairman, and to you, Representative, we talked about expediency. Right. So access to capital. These are--we have talked about these, but access to capital; and then the nature of that capital--equity, hybrid versus just debt only; and then the amount of that; and the ability to have due diligence as a part of that. But working with funds and particularly funds that are leveraged with the SBA program that are trusted, that are safe. Many of these venture capital funds in Silicon Valley, they are not; they are not. They are gathering IP. They have relationships with attorneys and many of the law firms. I am using Silicon Valley as an example because that is one that everybody is aware of. But that is the nature of it. So it is having what I would call safe, protected, trusted funds, and resources that are part of the diligence and to also have leverage to help entrepreneurs and businesses move quickly. Mr. WIED. So how do we do that? How do we help you? And I am going to just basically open this up to anybody: How can we help you in that regard here in Congress. Mr. MURPHY. I would say briefly improving, updating, upgrading the SBA program. I learned here from Mr. Pahutski that there are actual offices--like there is a Department of Energy SBA office. I didn't know that. That would have helped to know. But working and moving capital and options to apply for that into the agencies to help it move quicker. Mr. WIED. Mr. Lyons. Mr. LYONS. Thank you, sir. I do think awareness is a big part of this. I also think that State laws create a discrepancy in being able to actually conduct things like due diligence. And I brought up briefly the California statute, not to pick on California. It is just that we come across a lot of companies based in California, and the statutes are currently favored towards privacy versus background research on people. And, when you are running a critical technology like AI or quantum, where it makes a--it is a zero-sum game--we need to be able to facilitate those checks. So I think federal preemption on that issue, but also federal tax credits to allow companies and small businesses to do this would be important. Mr. WIED. Mr. Doshi? Mr. DOSHI. Thank you, Congressman. I will just offer two quick points. First, we have to protect ourselves, which means that I think we need to strengthen due diligence. That, in turn, means that we basically should think about Corporate Transparency Act, beneficial ownership, because knowing who ultimately owns some of these companies that are investing in the U.S. is critical, and that is the hard part of due diligence. We can fix that. And it also, by the way, will help combat fentanyl and money laundering. The second thing we should do is promote, and that is access to more capital from the SBA for our high-tech companies. Promote and protect, together, are the way we do this. Thank you, sir. Mr. WIED. All right. Thank you, witnesses, for being here today. I yield back. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. I now recognize Ms. Simon from the great State of California for 5 minutes. Ms. SIMON. Thank you. And thank you all. Today has actually been extremely informative. I have a question for Dr. Doshi. So, last week, the House sent the bipartisan Small Business Innovation and Economic Security Act--and the act, as you know, it reauthorizes the Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer programs--to the President's desk for signature. I am curious, what is the significance of these programs on tech leadership--our tech leadership? Mr. DOSHI. Thank you, Congresswoman. The SBIR program, as I recall, has done over $70 billion in loans over the last 40 years almost, including many iconic American companies that have benefited. Right now, the Chinese are putting billions and billions and billions into their small companies. The fact that we have had a 6-month lag--and hopefully that will be cleared up very soon--puts us at a significant competitive disadvantage when it comes to small business relative to China. Ms. SIMON. Puts us at a disadvantage? Mr. DOSHI. Yes, ma'am, a competitive disadvantage. Ms. SIMON. Can you say more? Mr. DOSHI. Absolutely. I mean, right now, the Chinese small companies, the so-called ``Little Giants'' companies, are able to being access tens, if not more, billions, of dollars in low- cost capital. The fact that our program is paused means that every small company in China that wants to win in manufacturing has yet another advantage now over us, which is access to cheaper funding. Ms. SIMON. And just so the public understands, they are-- these small Chinese companies are able to access this capital from the Party, from the---- Mr. DOSHI. So they are able to get it from---- Ms. SIMON. Where are they getting it from? Mr. DOSHI. Yes, ma'am. From the state and, as well, from the private sector, with the state backing it. And so, right now, we are pushing ``pause'' and the Chinese are pushing ``go'' through multiple funding channels. Ms. SIMON. So, should this act be signed by the President, we have no idea what that implementation would look like. So what are tech companies and leaders and innovators doing in the whim while they wait? Mr. DOSHI. Well, for small companies, access to capital is a challenge, especially now with so much capital going to the data-center build-out. That is crowding out capital for smaller companies. Ms. SIMON. Right. Mr. DOSHI. So, as we hear, they have to take capital from less trustworthy sources; they have to take it on less preferential terms. They may have to give up more equity, take more dilution. That is not great. And one of the great things about the SBA program is, it doesn't do any of that. It is not diluted, for example. So we should get that program restored. Otherwise, companies may make poor choices with the long-term competitiveness. Ms. SIMON. Now, in lieu of--who knows what that calendar will be and when the act will be signed by the President. We hope it will be. Any advice to this Committee on how to push the conversation forward? Mr. DOSHI. Well, I think hearings like this one are useful, because I do hear some bipartisan support for the idea that our small companies need low-cost, non-dilutive capital to lead in high tech. That is a view I think most Americans would support. And I think, at the same time, when you understand the full scope of what China is up--what they are up to--and that is why I focused on that in my testimony---- Ms. SIMON. Right. Mr. DOSHI.--what they are doing--it makes all this look a lot more urgent. It is a lot harder to say let's push ``pause'' when you see tens of billions of dollars flowing to small companies in China. They are very serious about promoting these small companies. And let me be very clear: Their goal is to ultimately knock our companies out of business. They don't want them to be selling into China or selling around the world. They would like their companies to win. And so it really is an existential question. We have got a lot of small companies in manufacturing. We are the backbone of American manufacturing. A lot of them are run by people who are about to retire. If those companies go out, we lose not just the companies but the knowledge that those companies held onto for decades. It will be much harder for America to reindustrialize, which is the President's priority, if we lose those companies. Ms. SIMON. So it never happens to me, but I have a whole 1 minute and 39 seconds left. And I know a lot of my colleagues are in other hearings. This hearing, as our Chair mentioned, is literally on top of a number of other hearings on the floor today. So, if you could, Dr. Doshi, for the next, you know, 35 seconds--and then I will yield my time back to the Ranking Member--I would love--you know, I know other Members had other questions for you. So, sir, are there other thoughts that you would like to extend to the Committee? Mr. DOSHI. Yes, ma'am. I think the last thing I will say is that one of the things that China has done very well is, it has packaged a lot of these benefits together--supply-side benefits, demand-side benefits, regulatory benefits. Ms. SIMON. Uh-huh. Mr. DOSHI. It makes it much easier for companies to have a one-stop shop. The Taiwan Economic Ministry does the same thing, by the way. So a lot of our competitors, a lot of our allies, have programs that are very integrated. Presenting a package of goods, a package of benefits, to these companies--it is not all about spending money--can make their lives easier and can make it so that they are more competitive. That is how the Chinese do it. It is, again, how our allies do it. It is how we can do it too. And I think we should think about the SBA having a credentialing program for high-technology companies so we can better incentivize the flow of capital. And think about this: A company that gets that designation, as in China, will be a much safer bet for the private capital markets too. I think we can do that. Ms. SIMON. Thank you, sir. I appreciate all of you. I will yield my time, my whole 30 seconds, back to the Ranking Member. Mr. DOSHI. Thank you, ma'am. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentlewoman yields back. The Ranking Member has nothing. I now recognize Ms. King-Hinds from the Northern Mariana Islands for 5 minutes. Ms. KING-HINDS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you to all of the witnesses for your testimony today. So, as the Chairman has stated, I represent the CNMI, which literally sits on the front line of a lot of these strategic geopolitical conversations. And, you know, for those who are not familiar with where the CNMI is, we are closer to China than we are the United States. And so, you know, my community is struggling economically. I am concerned about any type of foreign investment coming into the CNMI. As a matter of fact, we have been having conversations with the legislature as to how do we provide the necessary support to the local government and connect them with an entity like CFIUS, for example, right? Because, you know, we ardently object to malign CCP influence, right? And I am really glad, Mr. Lyons, that you distinguished between, you know, regular folks and the regime, right? So I appreciated that comment. And I kind of--in reading your testimony, Mr. Murphy, you know, I was sad for you. And I don't want something that has happened to you to happen to any small businesses, especially folks out in a remote region where, you know, the government doesn't have the resources and just folks don't have the resources, right? And I kept hearing a common theme amongst all of you, and that is due diligence. And as I was preparing for this hearing, I saw that there is no connection between the SBA, who, you know, is in charge of lending capital, with CFIUS under the Department of Treasury. And so I kind of wanted to further flesh out, you know, that piece that you focused on with regards to due diligence so that we prevent what happened to Mr. Murphy. And I will just open it up. Mr. PAHUTSKI. Maybe I could take that. I used to be the DOD's lead representative for CFIUS, so I am very familiar with the authorities that are granted to that. That is not, I would say, the appropriate tool. At that part of spectrum, CFIUS is typically reactionary, to some degree, because those transactions are being bought. The problem is well left of that. It is when we talked about when small businesses are faced with capital decisions, partner relationships, equity decisions. That is really at the point of no return, where the decision-making needs to happen. CFIUS is a great measure to protect things through the national-security lens, but maybe his transaction didn't present a national-security threat, and therefore it might necessarily be reviewed through those authorities. Ms. KING-HINDS. So I ask that question because any investment right now in the CNMI is viewed as a national- security threat if it is a foreign investment. And I want to be able to help my community, given the fact that we are just going through an economic decline. As a matter of fact, I think it is in economic free-fall at this point. And so I think you are absolutely right that CFIUS is reactive. How do we change it so that we ensure that what happened to Mr. Murphy doesn't happen? Because CFIUS is the arm of the federal government that is supposed to review foreign investments for national-security risks. And so how do we bridge that gap? And I see Mr. Lyons there nodding his head. Mr. LYONS. Thank you, Congresswoman. I think that it is a complex problem, but one thing to address first is that there is nothing illegal about PRC investment into companies. And so that means that our law enforcement mechanisms have no tools here. It does require--it does require background checks, due diligence, and I don't think it is always appropriate for the government to be involved in that, because the government simply doesn't collect on these issues. As a former intelligence officer, we focus on bigger things, I would say-- on weapons systems, plans, and intentions. We don't focus on mergers and acquisitions or, really, much in the economic realm. So, for that reason, there has to be partnerships on that front. I think SBA pushing out threat briefs could help. I think tax incentives--I think tax credits--to allow companies to take advantage of that, from a tax standpoint, so that they can build a CI program or a cyber program. There is a limited amount of funding available from the SBA today that goes towards funding cyber programs, and we need to expand programs like that. Ms. KING-HINDS. Thank you. Mr. Doshi, you can chime in for the rest of the time I have. Mr. DOSHI. Thank you, Congresswoman. Let me just offer one additional point, because I agree with what everyone else has said. I think there is some value in helping small companies recognize that, if they take investment from Chinese sources and that they are in their cap table, it might make it a lot harder for them to get access to certain government benefits, from the [inaudible] to Department of War, et cetera. And I think getting people to understand that there is a risk, not just a legal risk but a reputational risk potentially, in having these investors is critical. And I will end with this. We need corporate transparency. We need to know the beneficial ownership of some of these vehicles. If we know that, we can do better due diligence in the open-source. Ms. KING-HINDS. Thank you. I yield back, Mr. Chairman. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentlelady yields back. I now recognize Ms. Scholten from the great State of Michigan for 5 minutes. Ms. SCHOLTEN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Ranking Member. And thank you so much to our witnesses for being here today. It seems like our questions this morning have kind of been going back and forth and questioning, to a certain extent, whether China actually is a problem or trying to point out how it is. I think we all agree, China is a problem, right? You agree? You agree? Yes. All heads are nodding. The question is, what are we going to do about it? Dr. Doshi, in your questions, you talk about the rapid pace at which China is investing in its small businesses. At the same time, we have seen major scaling back of our small- business programs. Can we continue at the same pace and expect different results? To our entire panel, I mean, yes or no, can we continue--no, we cannot. No. No. We cannot. I think that this is the central question, you know. And the oversight of this Committee is--if we take nothing more away, if we are all in agreement that China is a threat, we cannot continue at the same pace of scaling back our programs. Yes, there are other multiple things that we need to do, but making sure that we are putting our money where our mouth is and addressing this problem head-on is essential. I have a few other questions particular to west Michigan, but I really wanted to emphasize that point. So west Michigan is home to world-class innovation. I have had the privilege of touring small businesses in my district who are at the forefront of research and development that will enhance everything from medical treatments to new defense technologies. Many of these businesses were SBIR/STTR award recipients. We had 11 businesses receive awards in 2024, 4 more recipients in 2025. I was proud to vote in favor of the Small Business Innovation and Economic Security Act last week, which passed the House and would reauthorize those programs. With specific reference to these programs, as we talk about the importance of investment, Dr. Doshi, how will these programs, specifically, help our tech leadership? Mr. DOSHI. Thank you very much, Congresswoman. And, as you know, of course, the Midwest is home to a disproportionately large number of our high-tech manufacturers--small businesses, disproportionately. And so I think for these companies, access to low-cost capital is a challenge. Bigger companies can get better terms from big banks. Our smaller companies struggle. They may not be as well known. They are not as credible, perhaps. They have got other challenges. The government can step in, as they do in China, but it doesn't have to be a big cost to the government. That is the benefit of some of our programs. Ms. SCHOLTEN. Right. Mr. DOSHI. And if you look at the track record, our programs tend to do quite well. They end up creating huge economic benefits. Sometimes even major companies emerge from SBIR and STTR. So I think the question for us is, do we want to support these companies in high tech? Because if we don't want to support them, China is going to support it, so we have to get even with them. Ms. SCHOLTEN. That is exactly right. Thank you. Dr. Doshi, your testimony highlights--I want to talk about small manufacturers and exporters, specifically, who rely on technical assistance to build up and keep an edge over their overseas competitors. The MEP program--my district has benefited significantly from the State's work there. The Michigan Manufacturing Technology Center, in addition. In the past 3 years, MMTC has assisted 145 manufacturing companies just in my district alone--145--impacting over 16,000 employees. I mean, the impact is just so huge. And I know Michigan is, you know, a little outsized there, with, you know, our huge auto manufacturing sector, but this is a big deal to us. Moreover, MMTC is working to establish a new AI Lab to help keep Michigan ahead of the AI curve. Dr. Doshi, the Trump administration has withheld $19 million in MEP funding, causing major staffing layoffs and hiring freezes within most MEP centers. How is this harmful to our domestic manufacturers? It almost goes without saying, but we are here to take the testimony today, so please do say it. Mr. DOSHI. Well, thank you, Congresswoman. I think it is disastrous. I mean, a lot of these programs are now seriously damaged. It will take, you know, months, if not years, for them to scale back up again. I am not really sure why. The President is very committed to reindustrialization. His team believes in reindustrialization. I think probably somewhere there has been a disconnect. And the team that he has that cares about this should re---should make sure that these programs have the money that need. Because the Chinese are investing, right? They do technical assistance, and we don't. They do technical from their SOEs, from the universities, state research centers, on a industrial scale. Ms. SCHOLTEN. Yeah. Mr. DOSHI. And we shouldn't pause ours. Ms. SCHOLTEN. Yeah. As a State that is also home to some of the leading universities in the country, I worry about the brain drain, not from people leaving this country, necessarily, but from not pursuing these advanced degrees in technology because they are not seeing, you know, the opportunity for themselves there as well. So thank you. I am out of time. I thank you all for your testimony today. It has been, you know, incredibly helpful. Mr. Lyons, I especially appreciated some of your remarks, so thank you. Thank you. I yield back. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentlelady yields back. And I think--do we have any more here in the hearing? I would like to thank our witnesses. This has been a great hearing. And this is a bipartisan subject we all agree with--99 percent, I am sure; maybe even better. But, without objection, Members have 5 legislative days to submit additional materials and the written questions for the witnesses to the Chair--and before I finish that, somebody from California just walked in. Ms. SCHOLTEN. California time. Chairman WILLIAMS. And I yield to the gentleman from California. Mr. CISNEROS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Sorry. I had a briefing that I had to pop into, and I just got out in time. And I couldn't have my watch or anything, or my phone or anything, to let me know what time it was, so--I am here now. So thank you all for being here today, and thanks for your time. And I guess I am the last one here before you can all go, but--so I will be quick. Mr. Doshi, the 2026 National Defense Strategy and National Security Strategy have shifted our focus as it relates to China. The NDS places an implicit bet on outproducing China but hardly mentions technology, as you laid it out in your testimony. China is prioritizing its small business, particularly in manufacturing and technology. How should Congress scale and invest in programs that boost American small business in manufacturing and technology? Mr. DOSHI. Well, thank you very much, Congressman, for the opportunity to talk a little bit about that. My view is that the SBA has a number of tools. Some of them have lapsed and can be reauthorized, and some of them can be expanded. In many cases, a lot of those instruments that the SBA has can be packaged together to give small companies a one-stop shop so that they can get demand-side support, supply-side support, and regulatory support. But the key point I want to emphasize is this: China takes its small businesses very seriously as manufacturing competitors. It gives them enormous amounts of resources. It gives them patent support, expedited access to stock-market listings. And it even forces the state companies and its government to buy from them. We are not going to replicate their system, but we have to put together a program that is not just individual projects and individual initiatives but packaged together to make sure our companies are competitive. Mr. CISNEROS. All right. Thank you. You mentioned the SBA. So the SBA is creating barriers for many small businesses to access resources, such as changing eligibility for programs, threatening to pull offices from major metropolitan hubs, and withholding funds from programs and resource partners that support small businesses. Are these counterproductive to the investments we need to be making in our small businesses for their resilience on the global stage? Mr. DOSHI. Congressman, I do worry that some of the current efforts are counterproductive. In particular, as we have discussed in this hearing, some of the key programs have lapsed or have been reauthorized but that has not fully gone through within the administration. That can change quickly. We know that the President is committed to reindustrialization, so there may be a disconnect within his team, but it should be possible to make progress. As for, you know, offices closing that are part of the MEP program, that is disastrous. I mean, when those offices close, it can take a long time for them to staff back up. In the meantime, our companies lose important connections to the assistance that they need. Mr. CISNEROS. Thank you for that response. Mr. Lyons, you highlighted the lack of awareness in security by small businesses against cyber intrusion in your testimony. If a small business wanted to improve their cybersecurity, what federal education, legal, or technological resources are available to them? Mr. LYONS. Thank you, Congressman, for the question. I think that the SBA has a cyber program that allows them to take--allows small businesses to take advantage of some subsidized offerings there. I think that should be expanded. I think that CISA also puts out routinely updated information regarding how small businesses can protect themselves. A lot of this is free. Mr. CISNEROS. Uh-huh. Mr. LYONS. A lot of this--I think tax credits would help bolster defense and bolster awareness. But a lot of this is also out there on sites like CISA or the NCSC. Mr. CISNEROS. Can I ask just one followup on that? I mean, the resources, you said, are free and are provided by CISA, SBA. But when it comes to the actual financial cost of having to fight this, how are small businesses able to keep it up? Or can they? Mr. LYONS. Sir, they are not. Mr. CISNEROS. Yeah. Mr. LYONS. They simply--in conversations that we have had with numerous small businesses, oftentimes economic espionage is ignored because of the legal costs associated. I would point to my written testimony of a few examples but also of some possible legislative initiatives that could change something like that. Mr. CISNEROS. Mr. Doshi, you are shaking your head ``yes,'' so I will let you respond to that as well. Mr. DOSHI. Well, thank you, Congressman. I just want to add one additional factor. When our company is the victim of cyber espionage and they lose their IP and it goes to a Chinese manufacturer, who then makes the same things and sells it back to us, it should be easier for us to stop the importation of that infringed-upon export. Right now, it is really hard. Those small companies have to hire lawyers; they have to go through a process. We should make it easier for our companies to protect their IP from foreign manufacturers that have taken it essentially illegally. Mr. CISNEROS. All right. Thank you all for your testimony. And, with that, I yield back. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. I now recognize Mr. Bresnahan from the great State of Pennsylvania for 5 minutes. Mr. BRESNAHAN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and to the Ranking Member. And thank you to our witnesses for being here today. The influence of the Chinese Communist Party is no longer something we can ignore or afford to underestimate. It is a real threat to our economy and everyday life happening right now, and our small businesses are on the front lines. The CCP knows exactly what kind of leverage it holds, and is not afraid to use it, whether that means undercutting American businesses, stealing intellectual property, or flooding our markets with cheap and inferior products. COVID-19 made that crystal-clear. It exposed just how vulnerable we are and how reliant we had become on China to keep our economy and supply chains running. That should have been a wake-up call, but that dependence still exists today, and it remains a direct risk to both our economy and our national security. That is why this Committee must continue working with the administration and the SBA to bring manufacturing back home and prioritize American production over CCP entanglement. That starts with being clear about what the CCP involvement means for our American entrepreneurs and their intellectual property. Starting a business is already a heavy lift. It takes risk, capital, long hours, just to get off the ground. We have seen it happen too many times: when the American entrepreneur puts everything on the line to build something from the ground up, only to have a CCP-linked company steal that idea, copy it using cheap labor, and flood the markets with knock-offs that undercut them at home. That is unacceptable and a fundamental threat to the American Dream. We have a duty to protect American innovation from that risk. Mr. Murphy, you know this reality of the situation all too well, and what your company went through is something no American business should ever have to face. So my first question, for Mr. Murphy: Looking back now, what would you tell a small-business owner who was considering taking on foreign investment? And what do you wish you had known before making that decision? Mr. MURPHY. Mr. Chairman and Congressman, we have talked a little bit about this--obviously, due diligence, expedient access to capital, the type of capital. And the one theme that I have heard here from the panel that I think I just want to highlight is this. And I don't know anything about the ``Little Giants'' program in China, but something similar. I mean, we are--our motto is ``free markets and competition.'' It is not outside of our SBA to have a packaged- up, competing program where an entrepreneur or business like mine can feel confident and empowered to go to the SBA and have this package of diligence, access to capital, trusted vetted capital partners, and the like. That seems like something we can and should do to compete. Mr. BRESNAHAN. At what point in the process, Mr. Murphy, did you start to feel that something was wrong, or what was the first indication that you had some kind of China influence taking over your business? Was there, like, an antenna moment or an a-ha moment that caught your attention? Mr. MURPHY. Congressman, yes, there was. There was--as we were breaking ground, one day, several individuals just arrived at the site. They showed up at the gate, they wanted to be seen, and they said that they had come over from Asia. And then, once we started putting the pieces together, we realized, no, they came from China, and who were they. And then it got back to--and we heard this term from Dr. Doshi--who is the ultimate beneficial owner? We did not know. And it turned out to be somebody different than the people that were on site, and it turned out to be the person who had sent these individuals. So it was that, when they showed up, that---- Mr. BRESNAHAN. Totally unannounced. Mr. MURPHY. Unannounced. And that is---- Mr. BRESNAHAN. And you had no recourse---- Mr. MURPHY.--when I said--and I said, ``Stop. Something is going on here.'' And that is when I, in my mind, started realizing, there is something afoot. And then more came. And then when bitcoin miners showed up, this, you know, millions and millions of dollars of bitcoin mining machines showed up just on a dime--you know, 30 trucks, boom, into Cheyenne--that is when I said, we are going to start documenting, you know, every email, every conversation. And then it was shortly after that that they said, ``Hey, we want to renegotiate our contract. Basically, you guys go from your operational role in our contract that was this to a very small role and basically be our Wyoming guys to protect us in this State.'' And that was when we sued them. Mr. BRESNAHAN. That is absolutely abhorrent and unacceptable. One more followup question. What could we be doing in Congress to prevent things like this from happening in the future to other entrepreneurs and other businesses? Mr. MURPHY. Yes, Congressman. We have heard a lot of those good ones, ideas, today in testimony. But I think it goes back to--and I think, with this Committee, it is the SBA, right? That that is where entrepreneurs--right now, as an entrepreneur, I wouldn't even have thought to go to the SBA. To get a loan? To get a $10-million debt loan? Doesn't make any sense. But for that to be a resource that entrepreneurs and small business can turn to that actually helps with capital, diligence, and all these pieces, that, I think, makes the difference. Mr. BRESNAHAN. Thank you for being here. Mr. Chairman, I yield. Chairman WILLIAMS. The gentleman yields back. And I now want to repeat myself and say what a great hearing this has been. Thank you guys for taking time to do that. And, without objection, Members have 5 legislative days to submit additional materials and written questions for the witnesses to the Chair, which will be forwarded to the witnesses. I ask the witnesses to please respond promptly. So, if there is no further business, without objection, the Committee is adjourned, and thank you again. [Whereupon, at 11:28 a.m., the Committee was adjourned.] [Mr. Andrew Pahutski did not respond to QFR's in a timely manner.] A P P E N D I X [GRAPHICS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] [all]